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Monoxenus fuliginosus
Classification
Diagnostic Features of Larvae
- Mature larva. Length up to 33 mm; maximum breadth (at prothorax) 5.9 mm. Head rather strongly elongate, moderately depressed, widest at anterior third (maximum head-width 3.1 mm), sides abruptly though rather feebly constricted at middle, slightly converging posteriorly; frontal sutures moderately distinct; antennal foramen open behind; mouthframe moderately strongly sclerotized, ferruginous. Frons broadly ferruginous, smooth, with eight setiferous pores; six epistomal setae present. One pair of ocelli present; lens round, convex; pigmented spot distinct. Hypostoma flat, testaceous, sutures rather indistinct, incurved; gular region with a pale median cleavage line on each side of which is a strongly raised suture and a pair of stout setae. Antenna 2-segmented; segment 2 quadrate and bearing an elongate, conical, hyaline process. Maxilla with palpal segment 3 elongate, slightly shorter than segment 2. Labial palpi with segment 2 cylindrical, slightly more than half length of segment 1. Mentum distinct from submentum. Prothorax with pronotum pale testaceous, sparsely setose anteriorly, glabrous and feebly rugose posteriorly. Prosternum with eusternum distinct, triangular and bearing several scattered setae; sternellum non-spiculate. Abdomen with each dorsal ampulla with a pair of rather indistinct, transverse furrows and four of transversely oval tubercles. The anterior and posterior margins of abdominal segments 2-7 broadly sinuate paramedially, the extreme margins smooth and glabrous (their form and position suggests that they may be analogous to gin-traps). Tergite 9 bearing medially near posterior margin a pair of blunt urogomphi. Epipleurum protuberant on all segments. Pleural tubercles bearing two long setae and sometimes one to three smaller setae; sclerotized pits absent. Legs absent. Spiracles with peritreme subcircular and with three rather large chambers on posterior margin.
Pupa. Length up to 22 mm; maximum breadth 6 mm. Head with vertex entirely visible from above, rather shallowly excavate and bearing a conical tuberculate process near inner margin of each antennal base; front with about twelve setae; clypeus with a transverse impression at base and bearing two pairs of setae. Antennae extending to between abdominal segments 2 and 3, where they are strongly curved ventrally to terminate near apices of middle tibiae. Eyes flat and each bearing a conspicuous seta near mesal margin. Mandibles each with a pair of stout setae near middle of outer face; labrum rather strongly protuberant and bearing about thirty-six stout setae; anterior margin broadly rounded. Pronotum strongly margined and sinuate laterally and with a pair of sublateral tuberculate protuberances; disc bearing numerous scattered spines. Mesonotum bearing a few scattered spines. Metanotum bearing a few scattered spines, each arising from a basal tubercle; scutellar groove strongly transversely striate and with two or three median tubercles. Elytra extending to abdominal segment 2. Abdomen with tergites 1-6 each with numerous curved, ferruginous spines (each arising from a basal tubercle) which are mostly placed in a transverse row near posterior margin. Tergites 7 and 8 with spines slightly stouter, sublaterally bearing an apical seta. Tergite 9 bearing a pair of stout, downwardly inclined urogomphi and several scattered spines. Sternites each with a transverse row of setae. Pleura moderately protuberant, bearing several setae. Legs with femora bearing a transverse row of short, stout spines near apices; hind femora extending to abdominal segment 4. Functional spiracles present on abdominal segments 1-6; peritreme very thin, pale, subreniform and distinctly raised above general level of cuticle. Adapted from Duffy (1957).
Biology and Economic Importance
- Biology unknown for members of this tribe. Species of this tribe are potentially invasive outside their native range.
Selected References to Larvae Specimens
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