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Anthores leuconotus
Classification
Diagnostic Features of Larvae
- Mature larva. Form elongate, rather slender, slightly depressed. Length up to 50 mm; maximum breadth (at prothorax) 11 mm. Head strongly depressed, slightly wider before middle and slightly constricted behind middle (maximum head width 4.9 mm); frontal sutures indistinct; antennal foramen closed behind; mouthframe very strongly and broadly sclerotized, with the dorsal transverse, ferruginous band broader than length of clypeus. Epistoma with six setae. Mandibles slender, about twice as long as basal width, cutting edge broadly emarginate. One pair of ocelli present; lens small, round, corneous; pigmented spot indistinct. Hypostoma ferruginous, with front margin narrowly pitchy and delimited by one or more transverse striae from which arise a few coarse setae; sutures pitchy, feebly incurved. Gular sutures indistinct. Antenna minute, 2-segmented; segment 2 bearing a large, tapering, hyaline process and about six much smaller similar processes. Labrum transversely oval and densely setose anteriorly. Ventral mouthparts with strongly sclerotized, ferruginous areas. Maxilla with segment 3 of palp acutely conical, as long as segment 2. Labial palpi with segment 2 cylindrical, about half length of segment 1. Mentum distinct from submentum, about two and one-half times as wide as long. Prothorax depressed, rectangular; posterior area of pronotum broadly velvety spiculate (spotted with lenticulate setal pores), anterior to which is a small pair of isolated, sublateral, spiculate areas. Mesonotum and metanotum rugose, devoid of spicules or pubescence but bearing scattered, coarse, reddish setae. Prosternum with numerous lenticulate depressions laterally; eusternum distinctly triangular, with similar lenticulate depressions laterally; sternellum narrowly transverse and densely spiculate. Abdomen with each dorsal ampulla with two distinct transverse furrows and four rows of rather feebly defined, moniliform, contiguous tubercles which are partly micro-spiculate. Ventral ampullae with two rows of tubercles. Segment 9 without a sclerotized process. Anus trilobed, the dorsal lobe bearing three to six long, coarse, reddish setae. Epipleurum protuberant on all segments. Pleural tubercle elongate, with a distinct sclerotized pit at each extremity and bearing a pair of long, coarse setae. Legs vestigial, each consisting of a minute setose tubercle. Spiracles with peritreme rather broadly oval and without marginal chambers.
Pupa. Length up to 27 mm; maximum breadth 7.2 mm. Head with vertex almost entirely visible from above, very deeply excavated and bearing several stout setae around bases of antennal tubercles; front with a transverse row of long, stout setae; base of clypeus with similar setae. Antennae extending to between abdominal segments 2 and 3, where they are strongly incurved and each arranged in a single coil on top of each elytron. Eyes feebly convex, glabrous. Mandibles each with two to three stout setae near middle of outer face. Labrum bearing at least fifteen stout setae along front and lateral margins. Pronotum strongly tuberculate laterally; several scattered setae present, especially around lateral margins. Mesonotum smooth, with two oblique rows of similar setae; scutellum slightly protuberant. Metanotum with a pair of converging rows of similar setae. Elytra and wings extending to between abdominal segments 4 and 5. Abdomen with tergites 1-6 with a transverse band (interrupted medially) of closely set, long, fine setae on posterior half. Tergite 7 subquadrate, slightly tapering posteriorly and bearing a group of setae near hind margin. Tergite 8 very short, transverse, with a row of setae across hind margin. Segment 9 short and produced dorsally into a long, vertical, spine-like process which is sclerotized apically; ventrally it is deeply divided and spinose. Sternites glabrous or almost so. Pleura scarcely protuberant. Legs with a transverse row of short, stout setae near apex of each femur; mid and hind femora each with a blunt tuberculate process near base; hind femora extending to abdominal segment 4; tibiae placed obliquely to longitudinal axis of body. Functional spiracles present on segments 1-6, with a vestigial pair on segment 7; peritreme oval, moderately thick and slightly raised above general level of cuticle. Adapted from Duffy (1957).
Biology and Economic Importance
- Members of this tribe include one of the most notorious cerambycids: the Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis. In 1996, this invasive species was discovered in New York City and later in Chicago. Native to China and the Korean peninsula, ALB was accidentally imported into the U.S. via wooden shipping materials (Lingafelter & Hoebeke 2002). By 1998, ALB infestations resulted in the destruction of nearly 7,000 trees. Recently, the USDA estimated that, if left uncontrolled, ALB and other Chinese wood boring beetles could cause more than $100 billion in damage to the US economy (Meyer 2010). Accidental introductions continue, and as recently as 2011 a population of ALB was detected in southwest Ohio (USDA-APHIS 2011).
Selected References to Larvae Specimens
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