Enaphalodes rufulus Classification Family Cerambycidae > Subfamily Cerambycinae > Tribe Elaphidiini > Genus Enaphalodes Diagnostic Features of Larvae Larva. Form robust, elongate, anteriorly depressed; integument tough, firm, shining, sparsely covered with short, coarse, castaneous hairs. Head roundly rectangular, slightly narrowed in front; mouth-frame heavily corneous, piceous; labrum transversely oblong, hairs short, stiff; mandibles stout, piceous, basal piece about one-half length of distal, fovea on outer face; antennae slender, first and second joints subequal, third slender, shorter, supplementary a mere point; ocellus large, globular, clear, somewhat enveloped by gena. Ventral mouth-parts more corneous than usual; last joint of maxillary palpi more slender and shorter than either second or last labial; process of palpifer distinct; hypostomal edge finely longitudinally wrinkled, the outer striae becoming transverse; gula longer than wide. Prothorax depressed, little more than twice as wide as long; hairs on lateral region short, subulate, ferruginous; pronotum nearly twice as wide as Long, with a border of short hairs on anterior margin, posterior area slightly embossed, protruding forward in center, irregularly pinnately striate; median suture faintly impressed behind; sternum narrowly rectangular, very broad; ventro-lateral sutures distinct; mesonotum and metanotum bearing x-shaped impression. Legs long, four-jointed. Abdomen: Dorsal ampullae broadly oval, alutaceous, shining, marked by two lateral and two transverse impressions. Pleural disc wrinkled, indistinct. Spiracles broadly oval, peritreme corneous. Pupa: Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum sparsely and rather regularly beset with minute erect asperities; abdominal terga armed with well-dispersed, erect, acute spines which become larger and curved posteriorly, arranged in a somewhat oval figure, none on eighth segment. Adapted from Craighead (1923). Biology and Economic Importance The habits of this species somewhat resemble those of Goes, as they attack living oak trees (Quercus). The egg is laid under scales of the bark and for the first year the larva mines beneath the bark or merely starts its burrow in the wood. During the second year a long upright gallery is made deep into the heartwood at the extremity of which pupation occurs. The adult emerges back through the gallery at the point where the egg was laid. Large quantities of frass are exuded and the mine in the wood is always open. It is of considerable economic importance. Adapted from Craighead (1923). Selected References to Larvae Specimens Craighead, 1923