Cyclanthaceae

Taxonomy

Family name: Cyclanthaceae Poiter ex A. Richard

Synonym(s): [none]

Common name(s): panama-hat family

*Number of genera/species: 12/230

List of genera records in GRIN-Global

Disseminule

fruit

Description

Fruit usually a berryberry:
an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
(simple or multiplemultiple:
fruit formed from several flowers clustered in one mass
), angledangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
or squaresquare:
2D shape—geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles
, angledangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
in transection, stylar remnantsstyle base:
remnant of a style
persistent, with few to many seeds, pedunclepeduncle:
stalk of an inflorescence
and/or bracts often persistent. Pericarppericarp:
fruit wall or fruit coat
orange or red, fleshy, apexapex:
the point farthest from the point of attachment, or the "tip" of an organ
sometimes lignified. BerriesBerry:
an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
are simple or free (Evodianthus, Dianthoveus, Schultesiophytum, Chorigyne) or basally to fully connate forming a syncarpsyncarp:
fruit derived from fusion of numerous ovaries in a many-flowered inflorescence
. BerriesBerry:
an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
(or fleshy capsulescapsule:
a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a compound ovary
) have circumscissilecircumscissile:
(~pyxis); type of capsular dehiscence, opens by a lid (splitting transversely)
dehiscence in Asplundia, Thoracarpus, and Sphaeradenia and explosive dehiscence in Dicranopygium. In Cyclanthus, fruits are united forming dry, hollow ringed (or spiraled) syncarps, which open up transversely revealing the seeds inside.

Seeds highly variable in shape from globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
to C-shapedC-shaped:
2D-shape—semiannulate, curved into the shape of the letter 'C'
, rapheraphe:
a ridge or seam on the seed coat, formed by the portion of the funiculus united to the ovule wall in longitudinally curved ovules
conspicuous, flattened or tereteterete:
approximately circular in cross section; width and thickness approximately equal
in transection, 1.4–5 mm long. Stelestylis seeds winged or long-caudate and fusiformfusiform:
spindle-shaped; broadest at the middle and tapering at both ends
. Seed coat brown, thin, leatheryleathery:
texture—moderately thick, tough, and very pliable
or firm, smooth, striatestriate:
surface relief—having fine, parallel lines, grooves or ridges
to wartywarty:
surface relief—distinct, rounded projections that are large relative to the fruit size; tuberculate, verrucose
. Ludovia integrifolia seeds have carunclescaruncle:
a localized outgrowth of the seed coat near the hilum of the seed; it functions as an elaiosome
.

Embryo well developed, linearlinear:
(shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide
, bentbent:
(of embryo) embryo is bent at an acute, V-shaped angle with the ends close together and generally thick cotyledons
or straight, basalbasal:
at or pertaining to the point of attachment; (of embryo) embryo occupies one end of the seed
, partially fills seed coat.

Endosperm copious, hard or soft, smooth, often ruminateruminate:
testa or seed coat folded into the endosperm
.

Identification features

Fruit
Type	berryberry: an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
Shape(s)	angularangular: 2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles   , squaresquare: 2D shape—geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles
Texture	fleshy
Color(s)	orange, red
Unique features	Orange or red, fleshy, angledangular: 2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles   or squaresquare: 2D shape—geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles berriesberry: an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa. . Or, bright colored ringed or spiral shaped fruits on a stalk.
Seed
Size range	1.4–5 mm long
Shape(s)	oblongoblong: 2D shape—much longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, corners are rounded , globoseglobose: 3D shape—more or less spherical , curvedcurved: (of embryo) linear embryo is curved into an arch or horseshoe with the ends far apart , fusiformfusiform: spindle-shaped; broadest at the middle and tapering at both ends , irregular, ellipsoidellipsoid: 3D shape—elliptic , ovoidovoid: 3D shape—ovate , rectangular, C-shapedC-shaped: 2D-shape—semiannulate, curved into the shape of the letter 'C'
Surface relief	reticulatereticulate: surface relief—netted, raised walls or concave grooves forming a net-like surface pattern with flat, concave, or convex interspaces , ridgedridged: surface relief—raised, thick ridges, sharp edged or rounded, usually in a series that may cover the entire surface , striatestriate: surface relief—having fine, parallel lines, grooves or ridges , granulargranular: surface relief—having a grainy surface , wartywarty: surface relief—distinct, rounded projections that are large relative to the fruit size; tuberculate, verrucose
Color(s)	brown
Unique features	Each seed with conspicuous rapheraphe: a ridge or seam on the seed coat, formed by the portion of the funiculus united to the ovule wall in longitudinally curved ovules and ruminateruminate: testa or seed coat folded into the endosperm endosperm.
Other
Embryo	well developed, linearlinear: (shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide , bentbent: (of embryo) embryo is bent at an acute, V-shaped angle with the ends close together and generally thick cotyledons or straight, basalbasal: at or pertaining to the point of attachment; (of embryo) embryo occupies one end of the seed , partially fills seed coat
Nutritive tissue	endosperm copious, hard or soft, smooth, often ruminateruminate: testa or seed coat folded into the endosperm

Distribution

Tropical America including the West Indies.

Distribution map courtesy of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

References

Baskin and Baskin 2021Baskin and Baskin 2021:
Baskin C and Baskin J. 2021. Relationship of the lateral embryo (in grasses) to other monocot embryos: A status up-grade. Seed Science Research 31 (3): 199-210. doi:10.1017/S0960258521000209; Dahlgren et al. 1985Dahlgren et al. 1985:
Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT, and Yeo PF. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 520 pp.; Eriksson 2009Eriksson 2009:
Eriksson R. 2009. Neotropical Cyclanthaceae. In: Milliken W, Klitgard B, and Baracat A, eds. Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. Accessed 04 May 2021. URL: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126752-1/general-information#source-NTK; Kirkbride et al. 2006Kirkbride et al. 2006:
Kirkbride JH, Jr, Gunn CR, and Dallwitz MJ. 2006. Family guide for fruits and seeds, vers. 1.0. Accessed September 2020-January 2022. URL: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/seedsfruits/keys/frsdfam/index.cfm .; Kubitzki et al. 1990+Kubitzki et al. 1990+:
Kubitzki K et al., eds. 1990+. The families and genera of vascular plants. 7+ vols. Berlin etc.; Stevenson and Loconte 1995Stevenson and Loconte 1995:
Stevenson DW and Loconte H. 1995. A cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: Rudall PJ, Cribb PJ, Cutler DF, and Humphries CJ, eds. Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; Takhtajan 2009Takhtajan 2009:
Takhtajan A. 2009. Flowering plants: Second edition. Springer Nature, Switzerland. 871 pp.

*The number of genera and species is based on Christenhusz and Byng 2016Christenhusz and Byng 2016:
Christenhusz MJM and Byng JW. 2016. The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201-217. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1, which may differ from the number of genera in GRIN-Global.