Restionaceae

Taxonomy

Family name: Restionaceae R. Brown

Synonym(s): Anarthriaceae D. F. Cutler & Airy Shaw; Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.; Devauxiaceae Dumort., nom. illeg.; Hopkinsiaceae B. G. Briggs & L. A. S. Johnson; Lyginiaceae B. G. Briggs & L. A. S. Johnson

Common name(s): restio family

*Number of genera/species: 51/572

List of genera record in GRIN-Global

Disseminule

fruit or seed

Description

Fruit a loculicidalloculicidal:
type of capsular dehiscence, opening longitudinally through the locules (compare septicidal)
capsulecapsule:
a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a compound ovary
(1–3 locular), folliclefollicle:
a dry to (rarely) fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along a single longitudinal suture, derived from a single, superior, simple ovary; the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa
(Centrolepis, Gaimardia), or nutnut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
, 0.7–15 mm long, globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
to teardrop-shapedteardrop-shaped:
2D shape—widest point is toward one end of the fruit, the other end tapers sharply to a pointed end
, angledangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
or tereteterete:
approximately circular in cross section; width and thickness approximately equal
in transection, stylar beaks persistent (Catacolea, Coleocarya spp., Harperia spp., Lepidobolus), with one seed  (nutnut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
) or few seeds. NutsNut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
are often shed with persistent glumesglume:
one of the (usually) two bracts at the base of a grass spikelet
and/or a persistent perianthperianth:
collective term for calyx and corolla of a flower
. Perianthperianth:
collective term for calyx and corolla of a flower
is membranousmembranous:
texture—extremely thin, pliable, and fairly tough
or cartilaginouscartilaginous:
texture—firm, dense, tough, somewhat pliable, and resilient, like cartilage
and shorter (Hypolaena, Willdenowia) or longer than the nutnut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
. Catacolea, Desmocladus, Hypodicus, Kulinia, Lepidobolus, and Willdenowia nutsnut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
are also shed with a fleshy pedicelspedicel:
the stalk of a flower
, which are nearly elaiosomelike in Wildenowia. In Hypolaena, nutsnut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
are shed with thickened pedicelspedicel:
the stalk of a flower
, perianthsperianth:
collective term for calyx and corolla of a flower
, bracts, and glumesglume:
one of the (usually) two bracts at the base of a grass spikelet
or as a spikeletspikelet:
basic unit of the grass inflorescence, commonly consisting of a pair of glumes and one to many florets
. In Chaetanthus and Meeboldina, the persistent perianthperianth:
collective term for calyx and corolla of a flower
bears or is modified to awnsawn:
a narrow, bristle-like organ, as on the glumes or lemmas of grasses
, hairs, or laterallateral:
(of embryo) embryo lies along the side of the seed, generally towards one end; of, at, or from the side; in grasses, can refer to the sides adjacent to the dorsal and ventral sides
wings. Pericarppericarp:
fruit wall or fruit coat
black, brown, gray, green, yellow, or brown, shinyshiny:
uniformly reflecting a high proportion of incident light at all angles
, membranousmembranous:
texture—extremely thin, pliable, and fairly tough
, woodywoody:
texture—consisting mainly of indurate lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling wood
, indurateindurate:
texture—hardened or stony; yielding under strong pressure; not deformable without internal structural disruption
, or leatheryleathery:
texture—moderately thick, tough, and very pliable
, smooth or variously ornamented.

Seeds globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
to fusiformfusiform:
spindle-shaped; broadest at the middle and tapering at both ends
, 0.7–3 mm long [7–10 mm long, Alexgeorgea],  sometimes with conspicuous raphaeraphe:
a ridge or seam on the seed coat, formed by the portion of the funiculus united to the ovule wall in longitudinally curved ovules
. Seed coat brown, gray, or white, shinyshiny:
uniformly reflecting a high proportion of incident light at all angles
, hard or membranousmembranous:
texture—extremely thin, pliable, and fairly tough
, thin, smooth or variously ornamented.

Embryo rudimentaryrudimentary:
(of embryo) embryo is small and fills less than a quarter of the seed and can be variable in shapes, such as linear, spatulate, or oval
, angularangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
, spatulatespatulate:
2D shape—like a spatula; rounded at the apex, with base long and tapered; (of embryo) embryo is straight and axile and centric with the cotyledons expanded to form the shape of a spatula or spoon; (of cotyledons) cotyledons expanded and wider than the stalk but not invested into the stalk
, or broad, straight, caping one end of endosperm or lying along one side, partially filling seed coat.

Endosperm copious, mealymealy:
loose, dry, and disintegrating in finely granular pieces like meal or flour
.

Identification features

Fruit
Type capsulecapsule:
a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a compound ovary
, folliclefollicle:
a dry to (rarely) fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along a single longitudinal suture, derived from a single, superior, simple ovary; the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa
, nutnut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
Size range 0.7–15 mm
Shape(s) globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
, oblongoblong:
2D shape—much longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, corners are rounded
, ovoidovoid:
3D shape—ovate
, ellipsoidellipsoid:
3D shape—elliptic
, trigonoustrigonous:
3D shape—having three faces that meet at distinct angles; triangular in outline
, teardrop-shapedteardrop-shaped:
2D shape—widest point is toward one end of the fruit, the other end tapers sharply to a pointed end
, cuneiformcuneiform:
wedge-shaped
, cylindricalcylindrical:
3D shape—a cylinder, with parallel sides and a circular cross-section; tubular or rod-shaped
Texture membranousmembranous:
texture—extremely thin, pliable, and fairly tough
, woodywoody:
texture—consisting mainly of indurate lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling wood
, indurateindurate:
texture—hardened or stony; yielding under strong pressure; not deformable without internal structural disruption
, leatheryleathery:
texture—moderately thick, tough, and very pliable
Surface relief smooth, ridgedridged:
surface relief—raised, thick ridges, sharp edged or rounded, usually in a series that may cover the entire surface
, striatestriate:
surface relief—having fine, parallel lines, grooves or ridges
, wrinkledwrinkled:
surface relief—shallow, irregular folds and furrows covering the surface; appearing overall though crumpled and then spread out
, papillatepapillate:
surface relief—bearing minute, distinct, broad-based projections, tapering to a rounded apex
, colliculatecolliculate:
surface relief—covered with small, round projections, similar to blistered
, punctatepunctate:
surface relief—dotted with pits or with translucent, sunken glands or with colored dots, similar to pitted
Color(s) black, brown, gray, green, purple, yellow
Unique features Small capsulescapsule:
a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a compound ovary
, folliclesfollicle:
a dry to (rarely) fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along a single longitudinal suture, derived from a single, superior, simple ovary; the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa
, or nutsnut:
a fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick and bony wall surrounding a single seed, derived from a single, simple or compound ovary
often shed with persistent, membranousmembranous:
texture—extremely thin, pliable, and fairly tough
or cartilaginouscartilaginous:
texture—firm, dense, tough, somewhat pliable, and resilient, like cartilage
perianths, sometimes winglike. Often shed with fleshy pedicelpedicel:
the stalk of a flower
. InfructescencesInfructescence:
mature (fruiting) inflorescence
may appear like grass spikeletsspikelet:
basic unit of the grass inflorescence, commonly consisting of a pair of glumes and one to many florets
.
Seed
Size range 0.7–3 [7–10, Alexgeorgea] mm long
Shape(s) fusiformfusiform:
spindle-shaped; broadest at the middle and tapering at both ends
, ovoidovoid:
3D shape—ovate
, oblongoblong:
2D shape—much longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, corners are rounded
, ellipsoidellipsoid:
3D shape—elliptic
, globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
, cylindricalcylindrical:
3D shape—a cylinder, with parallel sides and a circular cross-section; tubular or rod-shaped
Surface relief striatestriate:
surface relief—having fine, parallel lines, grooves or ridges
, wartywarty:
surface relief—distinct, rounded projections that are large relative to the fruit size; tuberculate, verrucose
, spinyspiny:
having slender, stiff, sharp projections oriented in the general plane of the structure
, with hookswith hooks:
bristles or spines with curved or backwards pointing tips, or with secondary bristles along their length
, groovedgrooved:
surface relief—linear depressions that may be single or form a series of grooves over the surface
, ridgedridged:
surface relief—raised, thick ridges, sharp edged or rounded, usually in a series that may cover the entire surface
, ribbedribbed:
surface relief—wide, prominent, linear ridges that are generally rounded and longitudinally situated on the surface
, colliculatecolliculate:
surface relief—covered with small, round projections, similar to blistered
Color(s) brown, gray, white
Unique features Seeds variously ornamented, sometimes translucenttranslucent:
transmitting light uniformly and diffusely
, often fusiformfusiform:
spindle-shaped; broadest at the middle and tapering at both ends
.
Other
Embryo rudimentaryrudimentary:
(of embryo) embryo is small and fills less than a quarter of the seed and can be variable in shapes, such as linear, spatulate, or oval
, angularangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
, spatulatespatulate:
2D shape—like a spatula; rounded at the apex, with base long and tapered; (of embryo) embryo is straight and axile and centric with the cotyledons expanded to form the shape of a spatula or spoon; (of cotyledons) cotyledons expanded and wider than the stalk but not invested into the stalk
, or broad, straight, caping one end of endosperm or lying along one side, partially filling seed coat
Nutritive tissue endosperm copious, mealymealy:
loose, dry, and disintegrating in finely granular pieces like meal or flour

Distribution

Temperate Southern Hemisphere, especially Australia and southern Africa.

Distribution map courtesy of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

References

Baskin and Baskin 2021Baskin and Baskin 2021:
Baskin C and Baskin J. 2021. Relationship of the lateral embryo (in grasses) to other monocot embryos: A status up-grade. Seed Science Research 31 (3): 199-210. doi:10.1017/S0960258521000209
; Dahlgren et al. 1985Dahlgren et al. 1985:
Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT, and Yeo PF. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 520 pp.
; Flora of Australia 2021+Flora of Australia 2021+:
Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Accessed January 2021–March 2024. URL: http://www.ausflora.org.au
; Kirkbride et al. 2006Kirkbride et al. 2006:
Kirkbride JH, Jr, Gunn CR, and Dallwitz MJ. 2006. Family guide for fruits and seeds, vers. 1.0. Accessed September 2020-January 2022. URL: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/seedsfruits/keys/frsdfam/index.cfm .
; Kubitzki et al. 1990+Kubitzki et al. 1990+:
Kubitzki K et al., eds. 1990+. The families and genera of vascular plants. 7+ vols. Berlin etc.
; Stevenson and Loconte 1995Stevenson and Loconte 1995:
Stevenson DW and Loconte H. 1995. A cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: Rudall PJ, Cribb PJ, Cutler DF, and Humphries CJ, eds. Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
; Thiselton-Dyer 1896–1897Thiselton-Dyer 1896–1897:
Thiselton-Dyer WT. 1896–1897. Flora capensis: being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal (and neighbouring territories). Vol. 6. L. Reeve, Kent UK. 563 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.821 
; Watson and Dallwitz 1992+Watson and Dallwitz 1992+:
Watson L and Dallwitz MJ. 1992+. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 6th Accessed September 2020-September 2022. URL: delta-intkey.com

*The number of genera and species is based on Christenhusz and Byng 2016Christenhusz and Byng 2016:
Christenhusz MJM and Byng JW. 2016. The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201-217. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
, which may differ from the number of genera in GRIN-Global.

  Infructescence:   Centrolepis cambodiana ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Infructescence: Centrolepis cambodiana; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Fruits:   Centrolepis cambodiana ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Fruits: Centrolepis cambodiana; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seeds:   Centrolepis cambodiana ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seeds: Centrolepis cambodiana; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Infrutescences:   Centrolepis strigosa ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Infrutescences: Centrolepis strigosa; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds :  Centrolepis strigosa ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission

Seeds: Centrolepis strigosa; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission

  Embryo:   Centrolepis strigosa ; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Embryo: Centrolepis strigosa; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seeds:   Centrolepis aristata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Centrolepis aristata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Centrolepis eremica ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Centrolepis eremica; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Centrolepis eremica ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Centrolepis eremica; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Centrolepis eremica ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Centrolepis eremica; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Centrolepis fascicularis ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Centrolepis fascicularis; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Centrolepis fascicularis ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Centrolepis fascicularis; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Centrolepis glabra ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Centrolepis glabra; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Centrolepis polygyna ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Centrolepis polygyna; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Centrolepis polygyna ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Centrolepis polygyna; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruit:   Anarthria scabra , with scales; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Fruit: Anarthria scabra, with scales; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seeds:   Anarthria scabra ; Photo by R. Gibbons,nbsp;USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seeds: Anarthria scabra; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Fruit:   Chondropetalum microcarpum , dehisced fruit with scales; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Fruit: Chondropetalum microcarpum, dehisced fruit with scales; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seeds:   Chondropetalum microcarpum , with arils; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seeds: Chondropetalum microcarpum, with arils; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seeds:   Chondropetalum microcarpum , with aril removed; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seeds: Chondropetalum microcarpum, with aril removed; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Infructescences:   Restio amblycoleus ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Infructescences: Restio amblycoleus; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Fruit:   Willdenowia teres ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Fruit: Willdenowia teres; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Fruit:   Willdenowia teres , with scales; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Fruit: Willdenowia teres, with scales; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seed:   Willdenowia teres ; Photo by R. Gibbons,nbsp;USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seed: Willdenowia teres; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Seeds:   Aphelia pumilio ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission

Seeds: Aphelia pumilio; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission

  Seeds:   Aphelia gracilis ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Aphelia gracilis; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Aphelia gracilis ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Aphelia gracilis; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Embryo:   Aphelia  sp.; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Embryo: Aphelia sp.; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Infructescences:   Apodasmia brownii ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Infructescences: Apodasmia brownii; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Apodasmia brownii ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Apodasmia brownii; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Baloskion tetraphyllum  ssp.  tetraphyllum ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Baloskion tetraphyllum ssp. tetraphyllum; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruit, seed:   Baloskion tetraphyllum  ssp.  tetraphyllum ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruit, seed: Baloskion tetraphyllum ssp. tetraphyllum; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruit, seed:   Baloskion tetraphyllus ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruit, seed: Baloskion tetraphyllus; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Coleocarya gracilis ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seeds: Coleocarya gracilis; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Fruits:   Desmocladus diacolpicus ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Desmocladus diacolpicus; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Desmocladus diacolpicus ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Desmocladus diacolpicus; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Desmocladus diacolpicus ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Desmocladus diacolpicus; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits, seeds:   Desmocladus diacolpicus , viable seed; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits, seeds: Desmocladus diacolpicus, viable seed; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Empodisma minus ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Empodisma minus; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Empodisma minus ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Empodisma minus; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seed:   Empodisma minus ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seed: Empodisma minus; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Infructescence:   Eurychorda complanata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Infructescence: Eurychorda complanata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Infructescence :  Eurychorda complanata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission

Infructescence: Eurychorda complanata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission

  Fruit, seed:   Eurychorda complanata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruit, seed: Eurychorda complanata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Infructescence, fruits, seeds:   Eurychorda complanata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Infructescence, fruits, seeds: Eurychorda complanata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Eurychorda complanata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Eurychorda complanata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Hypolaena fastigiata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Hypolaena fastigiata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruit:   Hypolaena fastigiata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruit: Hypolaena fastigiata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Hypolaena fastigiata ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Hypolaena fastigiata; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Fruits:   Lepyrodia valliculae ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Fruits: Lepyrodia valliculae; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Lepyrodia valliculae ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Lepyrodia valliculae; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Lepyrodia valliculae ; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
Seeds: Lepyrodia valliculae; Photo by South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, used with permission
  Seeds:   Restio amblycoleus ; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Seeds: Restio amblycoleus; Photo by R. Gibbons, USDA APHIS PPQ, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

  Embryo:   Restio  sp.; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)

Embryo: Restio sp.; Illustration by K. Parker, Kirkbride et al. (2006)