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Parandra glabra
Classification
Diagnostic Features of Larvae
- Mature larva. Form cylindrical, rather robust, very slightly tapering posteriorly to abdominal segment 9. Head slightly depressed, quadrate to slightly transverse, with sides rather strongly rounded. Gena and temple sparsely setose. Front margin of frons roundly declivous, almost straight. Antenna long, fleshy, scarcely retractile; segment 2 the longest and bearing segment 3 and a supplementary process; segment 3 strongly elongate. Mandible robust, wedge-shaped, pitchy, shining; apex acutely pointed, slightly curved downwards; molar area flattened into a striate trapezoidal plate.1 Clypeus trapezoidal, leathery, as wide at base as epistoma. Labrum elongate cordate, rather sparsely and coarsely setose apically. Prothorax with posterior area of pronotum , eusternum and lateral posterior angles of presternum bearing numerous transverse, ferruginous asperities; eusternum distinctly separated from presternum. Eusternum and sternellum of mesothorax and sternellum of metathorax bearing rows of asperities which are sublinear and more strongly transverse than those on eusternum of prothorax. Abdomen with dorsal ampullae present on segments 1-7; each ampulla rather densely and coarsely spiculate. Segment 1 with eusternum bearing two paramedian longitudinal rows of from three to five transverse asperities which are much larger than those on thoracic segments; sternellum coarsely spiculate antero-laterally. Segments 2-7 with eusternum finely spiculate (less finely laterally) and sternellum coarsely spiculate. Pleural tubercles distinct and epipleura strongly protuberant on abdominal segments 7- 9. Anal lobes compact, the dorsal lobe strongly protuberant. Legs pale testaceous, slender, rather long; unguiculus attenuated, imbricately spinose. Spiracles with peritreme broadly oval, rather thick; marginal chambers reduced. Length up to 46 mm; maximum breadth (at prothorax) 8.5 mm. It is suspected that the carinate asperities on the metathoracic sternellum and on the eusternum of abdominal segment l act as a stridulatory organ.
Pupa. Head strongly bent beneath prothorax, quadrate, rounded, glabrous. Antennae rather thick, moniliform and short, extending to between front and middle legs. Labrum cordate, anterior margin rounded and bearing a few minute setae. Pronotum slightly transverse, broadest anteriorly; disc irregularly transversely striate and with an oval shallow, median depression posteriorly; several short stout, curved spines present around lateral margins. Mesonotum and scutellum prominent, fleshy and bearing a few minute scattered spinules. Metanotum with several small spines (roughly in a V formation), the anterior two or three pairs much larger than remainder; scutellar groove well defined. Elytra and wings extending to between abdominal segments 3 and 4. Abdomen with tergites 1-7, each bearing numerous short, rather stout, curved spines (each arising from a papillate base). Tergite 8 glabrous. Tergite 9 glabrous and with a pair of stout ferruginous urogomphi, which are widely separated at base and slightly converging posteriorly. Sternites glabrous. Pleura each bearing several slightly curved spines which are appreciably stouter than those on tergites, and which arise from larger conical papillae. Legs glabrous, with hind femora extending as far as abdominal segment 3, and hind tibiae almost at right angles to longitudinal axis of body. Spiracles present on abdominal segments 1-8, the eighth pair being partly closed and probably non-functional; peritreme narrowly oval, very thick, pale and appreciably raised above general level of cuticle. Adapted from Duffy (1960).
Biology and Economic Importance
- Larvae of most species develop for about one year in rotten wood. No species are known to attack living trees or firewood, so they have no adverse economic impact. Adults are relatively short lived, probably most living less than several months. Adults feed little, or not at all (summarized from Linsley, 1961; Lawrence, 2007, and other sources).
Selected References to Larvae Specimens
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