Name and publication

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (1896)

Breda de Haan van. 1896. De bibitziekte in de Deli-tabak veroorzaakt door Phytophthora nicotianae. Meded. uit 's Lands Plantentuin Coll. XV (met plaat) Batavia 15: 1–107 (pg 57).

Nomenclature

Mycobank

MB194443

Synonymy

≡ Phloeophthora nicotianae (Breda de Haan) G.W. Wilson, Mycologia 6 (2): 80 (1914) [MB#246601]
≡ Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Breda de Haan) Tucker, Research Bulletin of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station 153: 173 (1931) [MB#253828]
= Phytophthora manoana Sideris [MB#122828]
= Phytophthora melongenae var. ananaphthoros Sideris [MB#494136]
= Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture India 5 (4): 177 (1913) [MB#194284]
= Phytophthora melongenae Sawada, Special Report Agric. Exp. Stat. (Taiwan): 77 (1915) [MB#232247]
= Phytophthora terrestris Sherb., Phytopathology 7: 127 (1917) [MB#194200]
= Phytophthora parasitica var. rhei G.H. Godfrey, J. Agric. Res.: 21 (1923) [MB#273614]
= Phytophthora tabaci Sawada, Report of the Department of Agriculture Government Research Institute of Formosa 27: 35 (1927) [MB#279692]

Typification

from Breda de Haan (1896)

Type: SUMATRA (island in western Indonesia) Java, Borneo in leaves of Nicotiana tabaccum

Ex-type: LOST

Well-authenticated specimen(s) selected by Gloria Abad: 

• Selected specimen #1: CPHST BL 44 = P7661 (WPC) (A1) (Indonesia, Nicotiana tabacum)
• Selected specimen #2: CPHST BL 162 = P6303 (WPC) (A2) (Indonesia, Gramatophyllum sp.)
• Selected specimen #3: CPHST BL 161 = P1753 (WPC) (A1) (Australia, Nicotiana tabacum)

Selected specimen #1 in other collections:

(SE) CBS 149823, NRRL 64371, WPC P6303, S&T BL 162 (Abad)

Molecular identification

Voucher sequences for barcoding genes (ITS rDNA and COI) of the selected specimen (see Molecular protocols page)

Phytophthora nicotianae isolate CPHST BL 44 (= P7661 WPC) = ITS rDNA MG865550, COI MH136943

Voucher sequences for Molecular Toolbox with seven genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Voucher sequences for Metabarcoding High-throughput Sequencing (HTS) Technologies [Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU)]

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Sequences with multiple genes for selected specimen in other sources

• NCBI: Phytophthora nicotianae CPHST BL 44
• EPPO-Q-bank: Phytophthora nicotianae
• BOLDSYSTEMS: Phytophthora nicotianae (barcoding COI & ITS)

Position in multigenic phylogeny with 7 genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1)

Clade clade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
1d

Genome sequence

Phytophthora nicotianae strain selected specimen BL 162. Accession genome USDA_Pnic_BL162_1.0, BioProject PRJNA605765, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T (2020), Srivastava et al 2022

Morphological identification

Colonies and cardinal temperatures

Colony colony:
assemblage of hyphae which usually develops form a single source and grows in a coordinated way
morphology on V-8 agar and potato dextrose agar with no distinct pattern with coralloid edges, and malt extract agar with slow growth. Minimum temperature for growth 9°C, optimum 24°C, maximum 33°C.

Conditions for growth and sporulation

Asexual phase

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
papillatepapillate:
pertaining to the production of a distinct papilla at the distal end of the sporangium (cf. nonpapillate and semipapillate)
; persistentpersistent:
pertaining to sporangia that remain attached to the sporangiophore and do not separate or detach easily (cf. caducous)
and caducouscaducous:
pertaining to sporangia that become dislodged readily (i.e. deciduous) and separate from the sporangiophore (cf. persistent)
with short pedicels (1–4 µm); ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
, globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
, obovoidobovoid:
inversely egg-shaped; ovoid, but with the widest part at the apex
, obpyriformobpyriform:
inversely pear-shaped, i.e. with the widest part at the point of attachment (cf. pyriform)
, and with irregular shapes (15–64 L x 11–47 W µm), some sporangiasporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
with elongated necks and tapered bases; sporangiasporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
originated in simple sympodial sporangiophores. Hyphal swellings globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
, subglobose, intercalaryintercalary:
positioned within a hypha (cf. terminal)
, many times with radiating hyphaehyphae:
single, tubular filament of a fungal or oomycete thallus; the basic structural unit of a fungus or oomycete
. ChlamydosporesChlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
(15–43 µm), lateral, terminal, intercalaryintercalary:
positioned within a hypha (cf. terminal)
.

Sexual phase

Heterothallic. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
smooth-walled (24–32 µm diam.); antheridiaantheridia:
the male gametangium; a multinucleate, swollen hyphal tip affixed firmly to the wall of the female gametangium (the oogonium)
amphyginous (9–21 x 10–15 µm); oospores predominantly apleroticaplerotic:
pertaining to a mature oospore that does not fill the oogonium; i.e. there is room left between the oospore wall and oogonium wall (cf. plerotic)
or slightly apleroticaplerotic:
pertaining to a mature oospore that does not fill the oogonium; i.e. there is room left between the oospore wall and oogonium wall (cf. plerotic)
(19–27 µm diam.).

Most typical characters

Phytophthora nicotianae is characterized by the asexual stage including the sporangiasporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
, hyphal swellings, and chlamydosporeschlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
, and the typical coralloid hyphaehyphae:
single, tubular filament of a fungal or oomycete thallus; the basic structural unit of a fungus or oomycete
observed in culture media.

Specimen(s) evaluated

Phytophthora nicotianae CPHST BL 44 = P7661 (World Phytophthora Collection)

Hosts and distribution

Distribution: cosmopolitan
Substrate: roots, stems, trunk, leaves, fruits, pods
Disease note: black shank of tobacco, damping-off, crown rot, leaf blight, fruit rot. See Erwin & Ribeiro for detailed disease notes by host.
Host: wide host range; 255 genera in 90 families

Retrieved January 31, 2018 from U.S. National Fungus Collections Nomenclature Database.

Additional Info:
Distribution: USA (CA, HI, TN), Bulgaria, Japan, Taiwan

Additional references and links

 

• SMML USDA-ARS: Phytophthora nicotianae
• EPPO Global Database: Phytophthora nicotianae var nicotianae
  Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica
• Forest Phytophthorof the world: Phytophthora nicotianae
• CABI Digital Library: Phytophthora nicotianae
• Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): Phytophthora nicotianae
• Index Fungorum (IF): Phytophthora nicotianae

 

• Google All Phytophthora nicotianae
• Google Images Phytophthora nicotianae
• Google Scholar Phytophthora nicotianae

Fact sheet author

Z. Gloria Abad, Ph.D., USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory (PPCDL), United States of America.