Name and publication

Phytophthora panamensis T. Jung, Balci, Broders & I. Milenković (2022)

Chen Q, Bakhshi M, Balci Y, Broders KD, Cheewangkoon R, Chen SF, Fan XL, Gramaje D, Halleen F, Horta Jung M, Jiang N, Jung T, Májek T, Marincowitz S, Milenković I, Mostert L, Nakashima C, Nurul Faziha I, Pan M, Raza M, Scanu B, Spies CFJ, Suhaizan L, Suzuki H, Tian CM, Tomšovský M, Úrbez-Torres JR, Wang W, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Yang Q, Yang X, Zare R, Zhao P, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Crous PW. 2022. Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4. Studies in Mycology 101: 417–564.

Corresponding authors: L. Cai, cail@im.ac.cn; P.W. Crous, p.crous@wi.knaw.nl

Nomenclature

Mycobank

MB840175

Etymology

refers to Panama, the country where this species was first isolated

Typification

Type: PANAMA, Parque Nacional Sobernia, isolated from necrotic lesion on a naturally fallen leaf of a non-identified tree species in a tropical lowland forest, Nov. 2019, K.D. Broders & Y. Balci (holotype CBS H-24773, dried culture on V8A

Ex-type: culture CBS 147925 = PA328

Sequences for ex-type in original manuscript:  ITS MZ753919, cox1 MZ736433, β-tubulin MZ736459, tigA MZ736486

Ex-type in other collections

(ET) CBS 147925, PA328

Molecular identification

Voucher sequences for barcoding genes (ITS rDNA and COI) of the ex-type (see Molecular protocols page)

Phytophthora panamensis ITS rDNA, COI

Voucher sequences for Molecular Toolbox with seven genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Voucher sequences for Metabarcoding High-throughput Sequencing (HTS) Technologies [Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU)]

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Sequences with multiple genes for ex-type in other sources

• NCBI: Phytophthora panamensis
• EPPO-Q-bank: Phytophthora panamensis
• BOLDSYSTEMS: Phytophthora panamensis

Position in multigenic phylogeny with 7 genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1)

Clade clade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
4

Morphological identification

Colonies and cardinal temperatures

Colony colony:
assemblage of hyphae which usually develops form a single source and grows in a coordinated way
morphology submerged to appressed on CA, radiate on V8A, felty and petaloid on PDA. Minimum growth temperature 15°C, optimum 27.5–30°C, and maximum 32.5°C.

Conditions for growth and sporulation

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
produced on non-sterile soil extract. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
are formed readily in single culture.

Asexual phase

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
were papillatepapillate:
pertaining to the production of a distinct papilla at the distal end of the sporangium (cf. nonpapillate and semipapillate)
, persistentpersistent:
pertaining to sporangia that remain attached to the sporangiophore and do not separate or detach easily (cf. caducous)
, and predominantly ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
or elongated ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
in shape. SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
averaged 44 x 30 µm (overall range 28.5–63 x 20.3–41.3 µm). Sporangiophores unbranched or loose sympodiasympodia:
a type of sporangiophore which appears simple, but where each successive sporangium develops on a branch behind and to one side of the previous apex, where growth has already ceased
. Hyphal swellings absent. ChlamydosporesChlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
absent.

Sexual phase

Homothallic. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
smooth-walled, size ranged from 16–31 µm. OosporesOospores:
zygote or thick-walled spore that forms within the oogonium after fertilization by the antheridium; may be long-lived
pleroticplerotic:
pertaining to an oospore that fills the oogonium (cf. aplerotic)
. AntheridiaAntheridia:
the male gametangium; a multinucleate, swollen hyphal tip affixed firmly to the wall of the female gametangium (the oogonium)
paragynousparagynous:
pertaining to the sexual stage in which the antheridium is attached to the side of the oogonium (cf. amphigynous)
.

Most typical characters

Morphologically similar to other species in Cladeclade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
4, but has higher temperature minimum and optimal temperatures for growth.

Additional specimen(s) evaluated

Panama, Parque Nacional Sobernia, isolated from necrotic lesions on naturally fallen leaves of non-identified tree species in tropical lowland forests, Nov. 2019, K.D. Broders & Y. Balci, CBS 147926 = PA329; PA019; PA040; PA108

Hosts and distribution

Distribution: Panama
Substrate: fallen leaf
Disease note: on found on fallen leaf litter
Host: unknown

Additional references and links

• SMML USDA-ARS: Phytophthora panamensis
• EPPO Global Database: Phytophthora panamensis
• Forest Phytophthoras of the world: Phytophthora panamensis
• CABI Digital Library: Phytophthora panamensis
• Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): Phytophthora panamensis
• Index Fungorum (IF): Phytophthora panamensis

Fact sheet author

Treena Burgess, Ph.D., Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Australia

Z. Gloria Abad, Ph.D., USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory (PPCDL), United States of America.