Name and publication

Phytophthora scandinavica T. Jung, I. Milenković, M.A. Redondo & T. Corcobado (2022)

Jung T, Milenković I, Corcobado T. et al. 2022. Extensive morphological and behavioural diversity among fourteen new and seven described species in Phytophthora Clade clade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
10 and its evolutionary implications. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 49: 1–57.

Corresponding authors: thomas.jung@mendelu.cz and dr.t.jung@gmail.com

Nomenclature

Mycobank

MB 842951

Etymology

Name refers to the origin of all known isolates in the Scandinavian country Sweden (scandinavica Lat. = from Scandinavia).

Typification

Type: Sweden, Kiruna area, isolated from riverbank soil, Sept. 2017, I. Milenković & T. Corcobado, holotype HNHM-MYC-009708, dried culture on V8A, Herbarium of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary;

Ex-type: CBS 149204 = NRRL 66990 = SW325

Sequences for ex-type in original manuscript:  LSU ON000692, ITS ON000786, β-tubulin OM975965, hsp90 OM976482, tigA OM974659, rpl10 OM97519, tef-1a OM984940, enolase OM976576, cox1 ON013852, ypt1 ON025002, nadh1 OM976961, rps10 OM976720

Ex-type in other collections

(ET) CBS 149204, NRRL 66990, SW325

Molecular identification

Voucher sequences for barcoding genes (ITS rDNA and COI) of the ex-type (see Molecular protocols page)

Phytophthora scandinavica ITS rDNA, COI

Voucher sequences for Molecular Toolbox with seven genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Voucher sequences for Metabarcoding High-throughput Sequencing (HTS) Technologies [Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU)]

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Sequences with multiple genes for ex-type in other sources

• NCBI: Phytophthora scandinavica
• EPPO-Q-bank: Phytophthora scandinavica
• BOLDSYSTEMS: Phytophthora scandinavica

Position in multigenic phylogeny with 7 genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1)

Clade clade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
10c

Morphological identification

Colonies and cardinal temperatures

Colony colony:
assemblage of hyphae which usually develops form a single source and grows in a coordinated way
morphology submerged and faintly petaloid on V8A and CA, and stoloniferous, dense-felty colonies on PDA. Optimum growth temperature 20°C and maximum 27.5°C.

Conditions for growth and sporulation

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
produced in non-sterile soil extract after 1–2d. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
produced readily in single culture on V8A after 2–3 weeks.

Asexual phase

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
were nonpapillatenonpapillate:
pertaining to the production of a non-distinct, or inconspicuous, papilla at the distal end of the sporangium (cf. papillate and semipapillate)
, persistentpersistent:
pertaining to sporangia that remain attached to the sporangiophore and do not separate or detach easily (cf. caducous)
, and predominantly ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
to broad ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
and obpyriformobpyriform:
inversely pear-shaped, i.e. with the widest part at the point of attachment (cf. pyriform)
in shape. SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
averaged 59.2 x 37.1 µm (overall range 35.5–72.4 x 28.3–50.8 µm), proliferationproliferation:
formation of a sporangium within an empty sporangium that has previously emitted zoospores (internal or nested) or after the sporangiophore has emerged from the empty sporangium (external)
internal, nested. Sporangiophores unbranched. Hyphal swellings present. ChlamydosporesChlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
absent.

Sexual phase

Homothallic. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
smooth-walled, predominantly globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
but 33% were excentric, 19–64 µm. OosporesOospores:
zygote or thick-walled spore that forms within the oogonium after fertilization by the antheridium; may be long-lived
apleroticaplerotic:
pertaining to a mature oospore that does not fill the oogonium; i.e. there is room left between the oospore wall and oogonium wall (cf. plerotic)
, thin-walled, size ranged 17–52 µm. AntheridiaAntheridia:
the male gametangium; a multinucleate, swollen hyphal tip affixed firmly to the wall of the female gametangium (the oogonium)
paragynousparagynous:
pertaining to the sexual stage in which the antheridium is attached to the side of the oogonium (cf. amphigynous)
.

Most typical characters

Resides in phylogenetic cladeclade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
10c, with Phytophthora intercalaris. These two species can be differentiated as P. scandinavica is homothallichomothallic:
pertaining to sexual reproduction that can take place within a single thallus (i.e. self-fertile, non-outcrossing) (cf. heterothallic).
and does not produce chlamydosporeschlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
.

Additional specimen(s) evaluated

Sweden, Kiruna area, isolated from riverbank soil, Sept. 2017, I. Milenković & T. Corcobado, SW314, SW315, SW316, SW326, SW327.

Hosts and distribution

Distribution: Sweden
Substrate: riverbank soil
Disease note: no known disease
Host: no known host

Additional references and links

• SMML USDA-ARS: Phytophthora scadinavica
• EPPO Global Database: Phytophthora scadinavica
• Forest Phytophthoras of the world: Phytophthora scadinavica
• CABI Digital Library: Phytophthora scadinavica
• Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): Phytophthora scadinavica
• Index Fungorum (IF): Phytophthora scadinavica

Fact sheet author

Treena Burgess, Ph.D., Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Australia

Z. Gloria Abad, Ph.D., USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory (PPCDL), United States of America.